Paul had already heard the basic theory behind my ski teaching and had seen the Skitools CD Rom twelve years ago, but we had never had the opportunity to work on any of it on the mountain. The main aim of the session was to make sure that Paul was on the right track and working on the right stuff now that he is living in Chamonix. Normally only successful racers and fully certified ski teachers (International) ever really get their skiing to a solid level. My work is a game changer in that respect giving any adult the chance to get on a level playing field with the best without a disproportionate investment in time or energy.
Prior to starting any work it was important to film Paul and to observe for a while. The weather and snow were excellent at 3500m in Tignes and the slopes were quiet. Paul first of all skied with medium radius turns as relaxed as possible while I filmed. The initial impression is of a neat and competent skier who has worked on his skills and managed to avoid developing any unusual habits. This is a good starting point. Paul then demonstrated his short radius turns but ended up too much on his edges so those were repeated on flatter skis. The fourth video scene is of “carving” which was the only area where there was a clear misconception.
Before getting to work I decided to take Paul indoors and look at the video. Doing this allows me to see things more clearly because I can focus on the skiing instead of the filming and also pause or run passages in slow motion. It also allows Paul to see himself and to ensure we are both clear on the important issues. Paul was aware himself that he had not skied quite his best and that he was too edgy on the first set of short turns, which demonstrates a relatively high level of physical awareness. He was also aware that he was popping up a bit too much at the start of his turns, something he had worked to reduce the previous year. My objective was to replace his whole fundamental outlook of skiing so although I started by outlining the faults and weaknesses this was only to highlight issues that cannot be changed directly within his current system and understanding of skiing. The following symptoms are visible and recognisable to even the untrained eye. The components that are missing and required to correct those issues are not listed here and would not be visible to the untrained eye. Suffice to say that you cannot simply “eliminate” the listed problems directly – although most instruction actually attempts to do just that.
- Timing was back to front – up/down
- Skis were pushed out to the side
- Pressure would come on the ski late in the turn
- Pole plant timing was inappropriate – including excessive arm motion
- Body rotation when turning right
- Hip rotation when turning left
- Poor edge control in short turns
- No edge awareness for carving
- Blocked hip joints / forced angulation
- No use of core muscles
- No use of adductor muscles
In addition to the above list Paul had basically only one limited movement pattern for every eventuality. The good news was that Paul turns out to have good physical awareness and ability to understand, to adapt and to feel things. The above issues all stemmed from previous teaching and in Paul’s case they were not set in stone.
Dynamics
We began making changes by working on dynamics. For this I used the “shoulder” exercise where by standing uphill of Paul he could lean his shoulder against mine and push. This pushing gives a force against his shoulder and a reaction force at his lower foot. Initially Paul mixed this up slightly and tried to stand on his uphill leg when pushing – but eventually he corrected this and realised he could push harder with the leg farthest from the shoulder he was pushing with. Creating a gap between our bodies I had Paul close the gap slowly to feel that all the weight would have to go onto the uphill ski until he had pressure on my shoulder. Then Paul tried closing the gap with an acceleration and could feel the instant pressure on the lower leg instead. A slow or hesitant movement of the body creates exactly the opposite effect from a rapid acceleration. It’s essential to be aware of the difference. The message is that it’s the active acceleration of the centre of mass that counts here. We tried the same process with me on the downhill side. I explained that the force against the shoulder would eventually be replaced by the acceleration of the mass of the body - acceleration of mass and force being quantitatively interchangeable in physics. With some speed and the then the acceleration of the skier’s body – laterally to the direction of travel of the skis - the skis immediately create a sustained angular acceleration that replaces the force against the shoulder for the duration of the turn. The more the skier tries to fall over the greater this reactive force under the ski and the greater the angular acceleration – and the harder it becomes to fall further. Dynamic Range – the distance you can fall over – becomes the skier’s limit – not the ability to stay upright in balance. No matter how hard you try to fall over in this way you will not even get close because the ski becomes exponentially more powerful and eventually wins. Skier “level” should really be based on the extent of the skier’s current Dynamic Range.
Paul took this on board immediately. He commented that it felt like less effort and that it was exhilarating to throw yourself over but not fall. He was instructed to follow the skis and try not to anticipate or angulate – but just to topple and incline into the turns letting with the body facing forwards all the time. He was also instructed to avoid using poles. This use of the body simplifies the motion and helps it to resemble a bicycle in action. The feedback from Paul was useful because this is the common reaction from people who make this change for the first time. It also confirms that he was not attempting to do this before regardless of what he had heard from me – and that direct “on snow” work is critical for success.
Skating
The dynamics are based on a fundamental timing. Like a pendulum the body falls down into a turn and then gets lifted back up out of the turn to finish. Skis are built to function with this timing. The advantage of minimising the other motions of the body and facing forwards is that it allows the body to be receptive and to feel the pressure cycle created by this pendulum action – and to concentrate on just being active with the centre of mass. Once that was in place with Paul we went straight to skating. I used the direct method of skating down a gentle gradient and then gradually falling more into the centre and letting the ski respond by making arcs – changing the skating seamlessly into skiing. Paul caught on very quickly and we didn’t need to do any of the usual skating exercises to build up to turns on the main slope – he could do it immediately. The timing of a skate with the leg matches the up/down timing of the pendulum effect of dynamics and so creates a strong resonance. Some people can easily tune into this resonance – some can’t. Usually women identify it more easily than men who are used to using brute force, but Paul got it very clearly and strongly from the start. The first scene in the following video clip shows the correct timing with skating and dynamics. This stops the skis from being pushed out to the side because the centre of mass is being displaced instead of the feet (they are mutually exclusive). There is early pressure and grip from the stat of each turn. Angulation is natural and coming from the freedom of motion of the legs in the skating action/timing. Within a very short time almost half of the problems listed above had been eliminated – without trying to stop any of them from happening. Those “problems” are symptoms of flawed basic principles – not as sign of incompetence. They can be made to directly disappear over time but they simply become irrelevant and vanish instead if the basics are correct.
Before finishing up with the skating we took some time out to watch some of the racers training on the glacier. There was a small group of strong skiers practising technique out of the gates with no poles. One of the guys had a very clear skate at the start to accelerate and very smooth progression into full turns with no loss of rhythm or range of motion in the legs. He was beautiful to watch – smooth, powerful, functional, active and dynamic with his centre of mass. None of the others either had the skating action or the dynamics of the centre of mass. They would react to pressure rather than generate it. Paul could see this very clearly. When somebody gets it right it is very distinct. Very, very few people even recognise this because if you don’t fully understand it then you can’t even see it. The chances are that Paul will wait years before seeing another skier like this at Chamonix. The image that he saw in Tignes will last forever though.
I think Paul would have been happy to just take this away with him for the day – but it wasn’t enough to give a complete framework for him to build upon during the season ahead. We still had to look at short turns and carving at least. The issue with short turns is that for control on steeps they should be done by using the uphill edge of the ski for the first half of the turn - as a brake – controlling the entry into the turn and then also after the rapid edge change in the fall-line to control the speed of the end of the turn. Short turns can also be done in a racing manner on the inside edge – but not on steep terrain and not with real control over speed – plus that also demands excellent control over dynamics and skating timing. For Paul the most important issue is the awareness of alternative use of the ski edges (uphill edges) and being safe and controlled in steep terrain.
Pivoting
We started by sideslippiing into the the turns. Effectively the turns resemble linked sideslips where the skis are always on their uphill edges except for a brief moment when they point directly downhill. I wanted Paul to stand up on his uphill ski and sideslip downhill on the uphill edge. This is a bit tricky if you are not used to it but doesn’t take long to pick up.
With both his skis on the ground I asked him to raise the tip of the uphill ski off the ground and placed my ski pole into the snow at the inside edge of the ski – asking him to pull against the pole with the tip – in an “inwards” pull. Paul’s heel and ski tail swung outwards as he pushed against the tip which showed that he was twisting or torqueing his leg – forcing the ski outwards and onto the outside edge of his foot inside the ski boot. To overcome this he had to isolate his adductor muscle on the inside of the leg and just pull inwards – the resistance of the tip blocking movement there and the heel and tail then moving inwards instead. The key was now to apply this same muscular action to the ski while standing and sideslipping on it. This swings the ski downhill with no resistance and keeps it beneath the skier – preventing it from changing edge until in the fall line. The pulling inwards must continue through the second half of the turn also.
To facilitate the use of the adductors the foot must be allowed to roll onto its inside edge inside the ski boot. Now the ski is on its uphill edge and the foot is on it’s downhill edge – something which most skiers don’t really expect. The lateral stiffness of the boot is what permits this. The skier remains on the inside edge of the foot throughout the turn.
The body must be projected slightly forwards at the start of the turn so that it goes towards perpendicular with the mountain or the skier is left vertical and standing of the tail of the ski in the back of the boots. (Paul understood that correction straight away)
Pole use: The pole is actively used in this instance and the pivot is greatly assisted if the pole is strongly weighted. The pole permits the centre of mass to get downhill without a big acceleration or use of dynamics and so the skis follow the centre of mass into and through the turn. It’s like instead of a “shoulder” to lean against or an angular acceleration to rely upon there is now a pole instead.
We then worked on pivoting into the turn on the uphill edge of the lower ski (the “wrong” ski”). Oddly enough it’s still necessary to hold the foot on its inside edge inside the boot and to hold the ski on its uphill edge. The pole is now critical and gives the confidence to get the body far enough downhill for the ski to pivot through the turn. Most people fail this exercise due to fear of commitment of moving the body downhill over the lower ski onto the pole. The ski tip now gets swung downhill and into the turn by using the abductor muscles on the outside of the leg. Coordination is slightly tricky because the adductors are also active aiding the foot stay on its inside edge. Needless to say this takes some practice. I demonstrated then to Paul how this leads to a very controlled way of skiing on one single ski.
When we filmed Paul putting this into practice in the first scene of the video clip he managed to combine skating timing, dynamics (more subtle in a pivot) and pivoting – but was too rapidly on the inside edge to really control the turns. On the second attempt where I film from behind he managed to correct the edge control but then lost the timing and dynamics – but this is still impressive progress at this stage.
Posture: We did a little bit of work on upper/lower body separation. I explained that the outside hip needed to be pulled back into an anticipated position – but not the shoulder. With Paul standing with his right leg downhill his caused his spine to twist anti-clockwise and his core muscles to engage. If he tried the standard “winding up” with the shoulders facing outwards/downhill then his spine would twist clockwise and his core would disengage leaving his lower back vulnerable. We didn’t dwell on this but I just wanted the idea to take root because it is eventually of critical importance for short turns which require upper lower body separation – but are guaranteed to destroy your back when done the way they are normally taught (and with the wrong timing!)
Two Feet: The mystery of “two feet” or “one foot” and “narrow” or “wide” stance is starting to be resolved here. Basically, when pivoting either ski can be used or both skis can be used , creating a wider platform. This can work incredibly well in soft snow. It is the principle way to ski bumps too. Dynamics must be used – despite the strong illusion that the body is not moving. Keeping the feet close together allows the skis to remain on the uphill edges as long as possible. It also allows the skis to be constantly kept below the body on the mountain – which increases security on steep terrain. When racing and using the downhill edges to initiate a turn a wide stance gives rapid access to the downhill edge of the uphill ski. Most skiing should be on one leg with a skating action. It is possible to pivot both skis independently with a wide stance and this actually permits even more control on the steeps because it prevents hip rotation induced by one foot having to come below the other on the hill – in which case the pelvis remains facing downhill and the femurs rotate independently in the hip sockets during the pivoting action (cause not effect). We tried a bit of all of this
Compression Turns: I showed Paul how by using the pole very strongly as a support and bending the hips and knees to 90° when lowering the body towards the pole the skis would pivot dramatically into a turn. This is a very secure way to guarantee a turn in difficult deep snow at slow speed. It’s also the basic movement imposed upon the body when skiing bumps more rapidly – the bump actually causing the compression and sometimes beyond 90°. This should always be practiced from the top edges of the skis but the centre of mass action is so effective that even the lower edges will work too if the movement is made confidently and without hesitation. The pushing up from the legs is also through the end of the turn, just like skating but it begins a bit earlier and in bumps would allow the legs to extend into the following trough.
Leg Retraction: When in deep powder with the ski rebounding after the base loading up, to maintain a pivoting action, the rebound can be used similarly to a compression by just relaxing the legs – or sometimes actively retracting them slightly. This allows the turns to be quick instead of the body lumbering about all over the place with big dynamics.
Carving
To demonstrate carving to Paul I used a traverse on two edges leaving rail lines in the snow. Both feet were rolled over onto their uphill edges – the uphill foot being on its outside edge. Paul was unable to hold the skis on edge even at low speed. This problem is partly due to the Zag skis being wide underfoot, which can cause leverage pulling the ski off the edge. The lateral stiffness of the ski boots is designed to deal with this but you also need a feel for it. We were running out of time by now but Paul clearly got the message and knows what to look for. Applying it to full turns on very gentle terrain is the next step. Paul would have found it easier with a wider stance. His previous tendency to push the skis outwards has developed a narrow stance for the wrong reasons to some extent and that needs to be re-trained and the appropriate stance used for the appropriate reason. Carving on two skis wide apart at low speed gives a stable secure platform. At higher speeds the force will go to the outside ski.
Pole Touch
For anything other than pivoting the timing of pole use is linked to the walking/skating action. There should be very little movement of the arm, only a flick of the
wrist as the leg extends towards the end to the turn with the pole flicking forwards. The body passes over the skis perpendicular to the hill as it crosses the hill – skis flat and legs extended. This is “neutral” position and is part of a dynamic process. As the body then topples and drops into the next turn the pole touches the ground due to the motion of the body – not the arm. Paul had a tendency to reverse this timing due to being trained to sink down and plant the pole at the end of the turn instead. The best way to overcome this tendency is to stop using poles or even ski without them for a while. Timing exercises linked to the skating action help also.
Dynamics part 2
The most important part of dynamics when off-piste is not the start of the turn but the end of the previous one – or end of a traverse. You have to come up out of the turn or traverse just like a motorbike comes up out of a turn – but not to the vertical – all the way to the perpendicular. In tricky snow that can be intimidating so you need to be very conscious of the commitment. Use a strong exit of the turn on the lower leg and it guarantees a successful start to the following turn. We applied this on some off-piste on the descent at the end of the day and Paul once again understood straight away. It’s probably the key issue for off-piste because it always works and if ever in doubt it’s the magic gateway out of trouble.
Concluson
Apart from practising the new skills as in the exercises there are a few things that Paul needs to watch out for. Timing of the pole touch is a key issue to be resolved. The angulation problem on the right side is caused by twisting the foot slightly to torque the ski and pushing outwards. It’s important now that those movements are not needed that the pulling inwards of the adductors and a slight pulling backwards of the hip combine to generate a relaxed hip joint. Paul’s posture was affected due to the blocked hip and angulation was coming from the spine instead of the hip joint on the right hand side. Angulation was slightly more natural on the left side but this was due to a bigger upper body rotation with the right hand coming behind the body at the end of each right turn. ( the rotation stopped the angulation at the spine). Once again the key is to “pull inwards”, “move inwards” and aim for a relaxed hip joint.
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